Journal of Vascular Surgery
Volume 30, Issue 3 , Pages 573-579 , September 1999

Recommended reporting standards for vena caval filter placement and patient follow-up

Presented at the Vena Caval Filter Consensus Conference, Chicago, Ill, April 13–14, 1998.

Received 8 September 1998 ,Accepted 3 May 1999.

References 

  1. Ricco JB, Dubreuil F, Bordeaux J, Gamain J, Le Douarec P, Garbe JF, et al.  The LGM Vena-Tech caval filter: results of a multicenter study. Ann Vasc Surg. 1995;9:S89–S100
  2. Roehm J, Johnsrude I, Barth M, Gianturco C. The Bird’s Nest inferior vena cava filter: progress report. Radiology. 1988;168:745–749
  3. Becker D, Philbrick J, Selby JB. Inferior vena cava filters: indications, safety, effectiveness. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1985–1994
  4. Gianturco C, Anderson JH, Wallace S. A new vena cava filter: experimental animal evaluation. Radiology. 1980;137:835–837
  5. Anderson FA, Wheeler HB. Physician practices in the management of venous thromboembolism: a community-wide survey. J Vasc Surg. 1992;16:707–714
  6. Tilyou S, PIOPED Prospective Investigation on . Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis) study compares lung scans and pulmonary arteriography. J Nucl Med. 1989;39:279–280
  7. Beigelman C, Chaartrand-Lefebvre C, Howarth N, Grenier P. Pitfalls in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with helical CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:579–585
  8. Elgazzar AH. Scintigraphic diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: unraveling the confusion seven years after PIOPED. Nucl Med Annu. 1997;69–101
  9. Alderson P, Martin E. Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with multiple imaging modalities. Radiology. 1987;164:297–312
  10. Cerel A, Burger A. The diagnosis of pulmonary artery thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest. 1993;103:944–945
  11. Cross JJL, Kemp PM, Walsh CG, Flower CDR, Dixon AK. A randomized trial of spiral CT and ventilation perfusion scintigraphy for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Clin Radiol. 1998;53:177–182
  12. Oudkerk M, Van Beek EJR, Van Putten WLJ, Buller HR. Cost-effectiveness analysis of various strategies in the diagnostic management of pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:947–954
  13. Baker WF. Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Med Clin North Am. 1998;82:459–477
  14. Brown HL, Hiett AK. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1996;39:87–100
  15. Chaudhuri TK, Fink S, Farpour A. Physiological considerations in imaging of lower extremity venous thrombosis. Am J Physiol Imaging. 1991;6:90–104
  16. Coon W. Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976;143:385–390
  17. Douketis JD, Kearon C, Bates S, Duku EK, Ginsberg JS. Risk of fatal pulmonary embolism in patients with treated venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 1998;279:458–462
  18. Goldhaber SZ, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, et al.  A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA. 1997;277:642–645
  19. Porter JM, Moneta GL. International Consensus Committee on Chronic Venous Disease. Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:635–645
  20. Hull RD, Pineo GF. Prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Current recommendations. Med Clin North Am. 1998;82:477–493
  21. Braverman S, Battey P, Smith RB. Vena caval interruption. Am Surg. 1992;58:188–192
  22. Greenfield LJ, Proctor MC. Indications and techniques of inferior vena cava interruption. In: 1st ed.  Gloviczki P,  Yao JST editor. Handbook of venous disorders. London: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1996;p. 306–320
  23. Grassi CJ. Inferior vena caval filters: analysis of five currently available devices. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156:813–821
  24. Rohrer MJ, Scheidler MG, Wheeler HB, Cutler BS. Extended indications for placement of an inferior vena cava filter. J Vasc Surg. 1989;10:44–50
  25. Roberts A. Venous imaging and inferior vena cava filters. Curr Opin Radiol. 1992;4:88–96
  26. Alexander JJ, Yuhas JP, Piotrowski JJ. Is the increasing use of prophylactic percutaneous IVC filters justified?. Am J Surg. 1994;168:102–106
  27. Magnant JG, Walsh DB, Juravsky LI, Cronenwett JL. Current use of inferior vena cava filters. J Vasc Surg. 1992;16:701–706
  28. Solomkin JS. Bedside vs operating room for minimally invasive procedures. JAMA. 1994;272:1544
  29. Van Natta TL, Morris JA, Eddy VA, Nunn CR, Rutherford EJ, Neuzil D, et al.  Elective bedside surgery in critically injured patients is safe and cost-effective. Ann Surg. 1998;227:618–626
  30. Bhatia RS, Collingwood P, Bartlett P. Radiologic versus surgical placement of vena cava filters: a comparative study of cost, time and complications. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1998;49:79–83
  31. Headrick JR, Barker DE, Pate LM, Horne K, Russell WL, Burns RP. The role of ultrasonography and inferior vena cava filter placement in high-risk trauma patients. Am Surg. 1997;63:1–8
  32. Neuzil DF, Garrard CL, Berkman RA, Pierce R, Naslund TC. Duplex-directed vena caval filter placement: report of initial experience. Surgery. 1998;123:470–474
  33. Nunn CR, Neuzil D, Naslund T, Bass JG, Jenkins JM, Pierce R, et al.  Cost-effective method for bedside insertion of vena caval filters in trauma patients. J Trauma. 1997;43:752–758
  34. Prince MR, Novelline RA, Athanasoulis CA, Simon M. The diameter of the inferior vena cava and its implications for the use of vena caval filters. Radiology. 1983;149:687–698
  35. Brown DB, Labuski MR, Cardella JF, Singh J, Wyabill PN. Determination of inferior vena cava diameter in the angiography suite: comparison of three common methods. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10:143–147
  36. McCowan T, Ferris E, Carver DK, Harshfield D. Use of external jugular vein as a route for percutaneous inferior vena caval filter placement. Radiology. 1990;176:527–530
  37. Ascer E, Gennaro M, Lorensen E, Pollina RM. Superior vena caval Greenfield filters: indications, techniques, and results. J Vasc Surg. 1996;23:498–503
  38. Owen EW, Schoettle GP, Harrington OB. Placement of a Greenfield filter in the superior vena cava. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;53:896–897
  39. Reed RA, Teitelbaum GP, Taylor FC, Vogelzang RC, Yedlicka JW, Pentecost MJ, et al.  Incomplete opening of LGM (Vena Tech) filters inserted via the transjugular approach. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1991;2:441–445
  40. Kornowski R, Meltzer RS, Chernine A, Vered Z, Battler A. Does external ultrasound accelerate thrombolysis? Results from a rabbit model. Circulation. 1994;89:339–344
  41. Matchett WJ, Jones MP, McFarland DR, Ferris EJ. Suprarenal vena caval filter placement: follow-up of four filter types in 22 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1998;9:588–593
  42. Salamipour H, Rivitz SM, Kaufman JA. Percutaneous transfemoral retrieval of a partially deployed simon-nitinol filter misplaced into the ascending lumbar vein. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996;7:917–919
  43. Sweeney T, Van Aman M. Deployment problems with the titanium Greenfield filter. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1993;4:691–694
  44. Vesely T. Technical problems and complications associated with inferior vena cava filters. Semin Interv Radiol. 1994;11:121–133
  45. Vesely T, Darcy M, Picus D, Hicks M. Technical problems associated with placement of the Bird’s Nest inferior vena cava filter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:875–880
  46. Adye BA, Raabe RD, Zobell RL. Errant percutaneous Greenfield filter placement into the retroperitoneum. J Vasc Surg. 1990;12:60–61
  47. Cho KJ, Greenfield LJ, Proctor MC, Hausmann LA, Bonn J, Dolmatch BL, et al.  Evaluation of a new percutaneous stainless steel Greenfield filter. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8:181–187
  48. Isaacson S, Gray RR, Pugash RA. Manipulation by catheter of unopened LGM filter. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1993;44:217–220
  49. Dorfman GS. Risks and benefits of manipulation of the Titanium Greenfield inferior vena cava filter after deployment: filter facts and filter fantasies. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1993;4:617–620
  50. Tobin KD, Pais O, Austin CB. Femoral vein thrombosis following percutaneous placement of the Greenfield filter. Invest Radiol. 1989;24:442–445
  51. Dorfman GS, Cronan JJ, Paolella LP, Lambiase RE, Haas RA, Scola FH, et al.  Iatrogenic changes at the venotomy site after percutaneous placement of the Greenfield filter. Radiology. 1989;173:159–162
  52. Molgaard CP, Yucel EK, Geller S, Knox TA, Waltman A. Access-site thrombosis after placement of inferior vena cava filters with 12-14-F delivery sheaths. Radiology. 1992;185:257–261
  53. Ferris E, McCowan T, Carver DK, McFarland DR. Percutaneous inferior vena caval filters: follow-up of seven designs in 320 patients. Radiology. 1993;188:851–856
  54. Greenfield LJ, Proctor MC. Twenty-year clinical experience with the Greenfield filter. Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;3:199–205
  55. Cooper SG, Sofocleous CT. Distal retraction and inversion of the Simon Nitinol filter during surgical venous procedures: report of two cases. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8:433–435
  56. Starok MS, Common AA. Follow-up after insertion of Bird’s Nest inferior vena caval filters. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1996;47:189–194
  57. Wittenberg G, Kueppers V, Tschammler A, Scheppach W, Kenn W, Hahn D. Long term results of vena cava filters: experiences with the LGM and the titanium Greenfield devices. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1998;21:225–229
  58. Wojtowycz MM, Stoehr T, Crummy AB, McDermott JC, Sproat IA. The Bird’s Nest inferior vena caval filter: review of a single-center experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8:171–179
  59. Popcock SJ. Basic principles of statistical analysis. In: 1st ed.  Popcock SJ editors. Clinical trials: a practical approach. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1996;p. 187–210
  60. Jones B, Fink J. A prospective comparison of the status of the deep venous system after treatment with intracaval interruption versus anticoagulation. J Am Coll Surg. 1994;178:220–222
  61. Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, Page Y, Tardy B, Girard P, et al.  A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:409–415
  62. Harris EJ, Kinney EV, Olcott C, Zarins C. Phlegmasia complicating prophylactic percutaneous inferior vena caval interruption: a word of caution. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22:606–611
  63. Jones B, Fink J, Donovan D, Sharp WJ. Analysis of benefit of anticoagulation after placement of Kimray-Greenfield filter. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;169:400–402
  64. Ortega M, Gahtan V, Roberts A, Matsumoto T, Kerstein M. Efficacy of anticoagulation post-inferior vena caval filter placement. Am Surg. 1998;64:419–423
  65. Guglielmo FF, Kurtz AB, Wechsler RJ. Prospective comparison of computed tomography and duplex sonography in the evaluation of recently inserted Kimray-Greenfield filters into the inferior vena cava. Clin Imaging. 1990;14:216–220
  66. Kim D, Edelman R, Margolin C, Porter DH, McArdle CR, Schlam B, et al.  The Simon nitinol filter: evaluation by MR and ultrasound. Angiology. 1992;43:541–548
  67. McCowan T, Ferris E, Carver DK. Inferior vena caval filter thrombi: evaluation with intravascular US. Radiology. 1990;177:783–788
  68. Aswad MA, Sandager GP, Pais SO, Malloy PC, Killewich LA, Lilly MP, et al.  Early duplex scan evaluation of four vena caval interruption devices. J Vasc Surg. 1996;24:809–818
  69. Teitelbaum G, Ortega H, Vinitski S, Clark R, Watanabe AT, Matsumoto A, et al.  Optimization of gradient-Echol imaging parameters for intracaval filters and trapped thromboemboli. Radiology. 1990;174:1013–1019
  70. Teitelbaum G, Bradley W, Klein B. MR imaging artifacts, ferromagnetism, and magnetic torque of intravascular filters, stents and coils. Radiology. 1988;166:657–664
  71. Granke K, Abraham M, McDowell DE. Vena cava filter disruption and central migration due to accidental guidewire manipulation: a case report. Ann Vasc Surg. 1996;10:49–53
  72. LaPlante J, Contractor F, Kiproff P, Khoury M. Migration of the Simon Nitinol vena cava filter to the chest. Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:385–386
  73. Rogoff PA, Hilgenberg AD, Miller SL, Stephan SM. Cephalic migration of the bird’s nest inferior vena caval filter: report of two cases. Radiology. 1992;184:819–822
  74. White KE, McLean GK. Bird’s Nest filter: Inferior strut migration during massive thromboembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996;7:537–540
  75. Wolfer GK, Taylor FC, Smith DC. Quantification of the effects of respiration and parallax on inferior vena caval filter position. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1994;5:357–360
  76. Young N. Clinical follow-up of patients with percutaneously inserted inferior vena caval filters. Australas Radiol. 1995;39:233–236
  77. Browne RJ, Estrada FP. Guidewire entrapment during Greenfield filter deployment. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:174–176
  78. Couch GG, Kim H, Ojha M. In vitro assessment of the hemodynamic effects of a partial occlusion in a vena cava filter. J Vasc Surg. 1997;25:663–672
  79. Marx V, Meyer S, Malhotra U. Thrombus deformation of inferior vena caval filter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:771–772
  80. McCowan TC, Ferris EJ, Keifsteck JE. Retrieval of dislodged Bird’s Nest inferior vena cava filter: progress report. J Int Radiol. 1988;3:179
  81. Plaus WJ, Hermann G. Structural failure of a Greenfield filter. Surgery. 1988;103:662–664
  82. Perry JN, Wells IP. Case report: structural failure of a bird’s nest inferior vena caval filter. Clin Radiol. 1994;49:431–432
  83. Tardy B, Mismetti P, Page Y, Decousus H, Da Costa P, Zeni F, et al.  Symptomatic inferior vena cava filter thrombosis: clinical study of 30 consecutive cases. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:2012–2016
  84. Bury T, Barman A. Strut fracture after Greenfield filter placement. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;32:384–386
  85. Awh M, Taylor F, Lu CT. Spontaneous fracture of a Vena-Tech inferior vena caval filter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:177–178
  86. Bovyn G, Gory P, Reynaud P, Ricco JB. The Tempofilter: a multicenter study of a new temporary caval filter implantable for up to six weeks. Ann Vasc Surg. 1997;11:520–528
  87. Burbridge BE, Walker DR, Millward SF. Incorporation of the Gunther temporary inferior vena cava filter into the caval wall. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996;7:289–290
  88. Millward S, Bormanis J, Burbridge BE, Markman SJ, Peterson R. Preliminary clinical experience with the Gunther temporary inferior vena cava filter. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1994;5:863–868
  89. Chavan A, Gulba D, Schaefer C, Daniel W, Galanski M. The Filcard temporary, removable vena cava filter: use in local thrombolytic therapy. Z Kardiol. 1993;82(Suppl 2):191–193
  90. Cotroneo AR, Di Stasi C, Cina A, Di Gregoria F. Venous interruption as prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism: vena cava filters. Rays. 1996;21:461–480
  91. Emanuelli G, Segramora V, Frigerio C. Selected strategies in venous thromboembolism: local thrombolytic treatment and caval filters. Haematologica. 1995;80:84–86
  92. Cope C, Baum RA, Duszak RA. Temporary use of a Bird’s Nest filter during iliocaval thrombolysis. Radiology. 1996;198:765–767
  93. Greenfield LJ, Peyton R, Crute S. Greenfield technique for catheter pumonary embolectomy and vena caval filter insertion. Vasc Diagn Ther. 1982;3:45–48
  94. Hold M, Bull PG, Raynoschek H, Denck H. Deep venous thrombosis: results of thrombectomy versus medical therapy. Presented at the 5th European-American Symposium on Venous Diseases, Vienna, Austria, Nov 7-11, 1990, Vasa. 1992;21:181–187
  95. Kim D, Schlam B, Porter DH, Simon M. Insertion of the Simon Nitinol caval filter: value of the antecubital vein approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:521–522
  96. Kinney TB. Regarding “limb asymmetry in titanium Greenfield filters: clinically significant?”. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:1193–1194
  97. Dick A, Neuerburg J, Schmitz-Rode T, Alliger H, Gunther RW. Declotting of embolized temporary vena cava filter by ultrasound and the Angiojet: comparative experimental in vitro studies. Invest Radiol. 1998;33:91–97

☆ From the Department of Surgery, University of Michigan (Dr Greenfield), and the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado.

☆☆ Supported by grants from The Lifeline Foundation, The American Venous Forum Foundation, and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Research and Education Foundation of The Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology.

★ J Vasc Surg 1999;30:573-9.

★★ Reprint requests: Lazar J. Greenfield, MD, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, 2101 Taubman Center/Box 0346, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0346.

♢ 0741-5214/99/$8.00 + 0  24/1/10053

PII: S0741-5214(99)70088-1

Journal of Vascular Surgery
Volume 30, Issue 3 , Pages 573-579 , September 1999

Article Tools