Complications of arteriovenous hemodialysis access: Recognition and management

English language citations reporting complications of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis are critically reviewed and discussed. Venous hypertension, arterial steal syndrome, and high-output cardiac failure occur as a result of hemodynamic alterations potentiated by access flow. Uremic and diabetic neuropathies are common but may obfuscate recognition of potentially correctable problems such as compression or ischemic neuropathy. Mechanical complications include pseudoaneurysm, which may develop from a puncture hematoma, degeneration of the wall, or infection. Dysfunctional hemostasis, hemorrhage, noninfectious fluid collections, and access-related infections are, in part, manifestations of the adverse effects of uremia on the function of circulating hematologic elements. Impaired erythropoiesis is successfully managed with hormonal stimulation; perhaps, similar therapies can be devised to reverse platelet and leukocyte dysfunction and reduce bleeding and infectious complications.