Preoperative high-frequency duplex scanning of potential pedal target vessels☆

Abstract 

Objective

The aim of this prospective study conducted at a tertiary referral center was to evaluate the efficacy of high-frequency duplex scanning in the preoperative evaluation of potential pedal target vessels.

Material and methods

The study population consisted of thirty-three consecutive diabetics suffering critical limb ischemia, with indications of infra-popliteal occlusive disease. Duplex ultrasound was performed by an angiologist unaware of any prior imaging procedures. The pedal vessels were divided into four segments. The inner diameter-, the grade of calcification (on a scale from 1-to-3), the maximal systolic velocity, and the resistance index ([V.max syst–V min syst]/V max syst), were assessed by using a 13-MHz probe, and the pedal target vessel best suited for surgery was identified.

Results of duplex scanning were compared to (1) the results of selective digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) studies interpreted by two radiologists, (2) the site of distal anastomosis predicted by a vascular surgeon according to DSA and CE-MRA studies, (3) the definitive site of distal anastomosis, and (4) early postoperative results (patency at three months).

Results

Duplex scanning depicted significantly more pedal vascular segments than selective DSA- (P = .004, McNemar test). Agreement in predicting the site of distal anastomosis expressed as κ value as follows: duplex versus DSA/CE-MRA, κ 0.71;-DSA/CE-MRA versus definitive anastomosis, κ 0.67; -and duplex versus definitive anastomosis κ 0.82.

Two patients were excluded from surgery as all three imaging modalities failed to demonstrate a pedal target vessel. Two patients had exploratory dissection of a pedal vessel (according to CE-MRA findings) that turned out to be occluded (as predicted by duplex scanning). In one patient the operation had to be terminated due to lack of autologous bypass material. In 31 patients who underwent pedal artery bypass, the resistance index could not be correlated to the run-off as assessed by intra-operative angiography.

Conclusions

High-frequency duplex focusing on the vacular-morphology is a worthwhile diagnostic tool to evaluate-potential pedal target vessels and extremely helpful when contrast-related methods (selective DSA, CE-MRA) do not sufficiently depict the pedal vasculature.